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BPC-157 References: Every Cited Study and Source
The complete citation register for this site — preclinical studies, the three human pilots, the 2024-2026 review literature, and the FDA regulatory sources, each with a DOI or PMID.
About this register
Every numbered citation used across this site resolves to an entry below. Preclinical studies, human pilots, and reviews are indexed to PubMed and carry a DOI where one exists; the regulatory sources are direct FDA.gov pages. Inline [N] markers throughout the site map to these IDs.
The register is deliberately the plainest surface on the site — a console readout of verifiable sources. Where a finding is animal-only or preliminary, the page that cites it says so; here, the entries are listed without editorial framing so the sources stand on their own.
- Staresinic M, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growth. J Orthop Res. 2003;21(6):976-983. ↗
- He L, et al. Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of body-protective compound 157, a potential drug for treating various wounds, in rats and dogs. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1026182. ↗
- Hsieh MJ, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. J Mol Med (Berl). 2017;95(3):323-333. ↗
- Xue XC, et al. Protective effects of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on gastric ulcer in rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2004;10(7):1032-1037. ↗
- Sikiric P, et al. Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in trials for inflammatory bowel disease (PL-10, PLD-116, PL 14736, Pliva, Croatia). Inflammopharmacology. 2006;14(5-6):214-221. ↗
- Lee E, Padgett B. Intra-Articular Injection of BPC 157 for Multiple Types of Knee Pain. Altern Ther Health Med. 2021;27(4):8-13. ↗
- Lee E, Burgess K. Safety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot Study. Altern Ther Health Med. 2025. ↗
- McGuire FP, et al. Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2025. ↗
- Lee E, Walker C, Ayadi B. Effect of BPC-157 on Symptoms in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis: A Pilot Study. Altern Ther Health Med. 2024. ↗
- Protective Effects of BPC 157 on Liver, Kidney, and Lung Distant Organ Damage in Rats with Acute Pancreatitis. Medicina (Kaunas). 2025;61(2):291. ↗
- Multifunctionality and Possible Medical Application of the BPC 157 Peptide-Literature and Patent Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025;18(2):185. ↗
- Sikiric P, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as a Therapy and Safety Key: A Special Beneficial Effect Following Intoxications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025;18(6):928. ↗
- Concerning BPC-157, a natural pentadecapeptide, that acts as a cytoprotectant. Inflammopharmacology. 2025. ↗
- Sikiric P, et al. The Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Pleiotropic Beneficial Activity and Its Possible Relations with Neurotransmitter Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024;17(4):461. ↗
- Tracheocutaneous Fistula Resolved by Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy Through the NO-System. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2026;19(1):145. ↗
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks (BPC-157 [free base] / BPC-157 acetate, Category 2; list entry effective September 29, 2023). ↗
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act (Category 1 and Category 2 definitions; 503A/503B compounding framework). ↗
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (agenda lists BPC-157, KPV, TB-500, and MOTs-C as substances being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List). ↗